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Nature: 新农药与被取代的一样可能伤害蜜蜂

已有 4386 次阅读 2018-8-17 22:28 |个人分类:新观察|系统分类:海外观察| 大黄蜂繁殖, 农药

Nature新农药与被取代的一样可能伤害蜜蜂

诸平


据《自然》(Nature2018815日报道,英国伦敦皇家霍洛威大学生物科学学院(School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London)的研究人员发现,新杀虫剂与被取代的杀虫剂一样,可能会影响蜜蜂的繁殖成功。相关研究结果已经在《自然》(Nature网站上发表——Harry SiviterMark J. F. Brown, Ellouise Leadbeater. Sulfoxaflor exposure reduces bumblebee reproductive success. Nature, 2018, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0430-6. Published: 15 August 2018.


A new class of insecticide—'can have a negative impact on the reproductive output of bumblebee colonies'

一类新型杀虫剂——“可能对于大黄蜂的繁殖产出有负面影响。

替代新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)杀虫剂的一类新型杀虫剂,也同样对农作物传花授粉的蜜蜂是有害的,研究人员警告说。在实验中,大黄蜂(bumblebees)的繁殖能力,和他们的聚居地的增长速度都会受到新以亚砜亚胺为基础的杀虫剂(sulfoximine-based insecticides)的影响。实验室的研究结果显示,蜜蜂的聚居地暴露于低剂量的亚砜亚胺基杀虫剂农药环境中,产生的工蜂显著减少,而且雄性生殖蜜蜂的繁殖也只有转移到田野环境中的一半。

“我们的结果表明, 氟啶虫胺腈(sulfoxaflor)”,一种新型人工合成的内吸杀虫剂,”对于大黄蜂聚居地的繁殖产出可能产生负面影响,” 第一作者哈利·斯维特(Harry Siviter)说。哈利·斯维特是伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院的一名研究人员。


与新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)杀虫剂一样, 氟啶虫胺腈(sulfoxaflor)不直接杀死蜜蜂,但似乎会影响蜜蜂的免疫系统或繁殖能力。但是在实验中蜜蜂的觅食行为、单个蜜蜂收集到的花粉量都保持不变。

这项研究的发表,是对相关法律的挑战,而且会改变国家对新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)杀虫剂的政策,因为新烟碱类杀虫剂全世界最常用的杀虫剂。2018年4月,欧盟国家投票禁止在旷野使用的3种新烟碱基类杀虫剂,覆盖温室限制使用。

2018年8月初,加拿大紧随其后,宣布淘汰两种广泛应用于油菜、玉米和大豆作物的杀虫剂。

新烟碱类是基于尼古丁(Nicotine)的化学结构和攻击昆虫的神经系统。亚砜亚胺(Sulfoximine)杀虫剂则是不同类型的杀虫剂,但作用方式是类似的。

与表面接触性杀虫剂不同,接触性杀虫剂是保持在植物叶子表面。新烟碱类是从种子阶段就被植物吸收,然后运输到叶子、花、根和茎。在过去的20年间,它们被广泛使用和被设计用来控制食叶蚜虫等害虫和食根幼虫。

之前的研究已经发现新烟碱类会导致蜜蜂迷失回巢的方向,抗病能力降低。

蜂群崩溃(Colony collapse)

其他研究已经表明,作物害虫已经增强抵抗力。“亚砜亚胺基杀虫剂(Sulfoximine-based insecticides)是一个可能的继任者,正在全球注册使用,“哈利·斯维特指出。

2013年,美国环境保护署(EPA)批准两种氟啶虫胺腈基农药上市销售,即Transform和Closer品牌。

氟啶虫胺腈(sulfoxaflor)在阿根廷、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国、印度、墨西哥和十多个打其他国家都已经注册登记。未参与此研究的专家称赞它的方法,但是结果确实令人担忧的。东安格利亚大学(University of East Anglia)自然环境研究委员会的会员林恩·迪克斯(Lynn Dicks)发表评论说, “这项研究显示了一个不可接受的结果,即氟啶虫胺腈(sulfoxaflor)对大黄蜂繁殖成功率的影响。”他说农药公司推出这样的产品之前,进行这样的研究应该是一个“强制要求”。

加拿大圭尔夫大学(University of Guelph)拥有传粉者保护相关头衔的奈杰尔·雷恩(Nigel Raine)教授说:“研究结果表明,担忧的风险并不应限于蜜蜂暴露在新烟碱类杀虫剂环境之中。”近年来蜜蜂的健康在全球范围内令人担忧的气氛有增无减,导致蜂群崩溃(colony collapse)的原因,一直被认为是农药与螨虫、杀虫剂、病毒、真菌或这些因素的结合所致

2017年联合国警告过,40%的无脊椎动物传粉者特别是蜜蜂和蝴蝶面临全球灭绝之风险。更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。

Explore further:

New pesticide may harm bees as much as those to be replaced

EU court upholds curbs on bee-killing pesticide

Sulfoxaflor exposure reduces bumblebee reproductive success

Harry SiviterMark J. F. Brown, Ellouise Leadbeater. 

Nature, 2018, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0430-6. Published: 15 August 2018.

Abstract

Intensive agriculture currently relies on pesticides to maximize crop yield1,2. Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides globally3, but increasing evidence of negative impacts on important pollinators4,5,6,7,8,9 and other non-target organisms10 has led to legislative reassessment and created demand for the development of alternative products. Sulfoximine-based insecticides are the most likely successor11, and are either licensed for use or under consideration for licensing in several worldwide markets3, including within the European Union12, where certain neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam) are now banned from agricultural use outside of permanent greenhouse structures. There is an urgent need to pre-emptively evaluate the potential sub-lethal effects of sulfoximine-based pesticides on pollinators11, because such effects are rarely detected by standard ecotoxicological assessments, but can have major impacts at larger ecological scales13,14,15. Here we show that chronic exposure to the sulfoximine-based insecticide sulfoxaflor, at dosages consistent with potential post-spray field exposure, has severe sub-lethal effects on bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) colonies. Field-based colonies that were exposed to sulfoxaflor during the early growth phase produced significantly fewer workers than unexposed controls, and ultimately produced fewer reproductive offspring. Differences between the life-history trajectories of treated and control colonies first became apparent when individuals exposed as larvae began to emerge, suggesting that direct or indirect effects on a small cohort may have cumulative long-term consequences for colony fitness. Our results caution against the use of sulfoximines as a direct replacement for neonicotinoids. To avoid continuing cycles of novel pesticide release and removal, with concomitant impacts on the environment, a broad evidence base needs to be assessed prior to the development of policy and regulation.

Thomas C.SparksGerald B.WatsonMichael R.LosoChaoxian GengJon M.BabcockJames D.Thomas,et al. Sulfoxaflor and the sulfoximine insecticides: Chemistry, mode of action and basis for efficacy on resistant insectsPesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2013, Volume 107, Issue 1, Pages 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.05.014



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