in the strict sense of ...: 从严格意义上说

e.g. Krill are not planktonic, in the strict sense of the word, because they can swim.

磷虾并不是严格意义的浮游生物，因为它们可以游泳。

be borne in mind: 牢记在心

e.g. However, it should be borne in mind that these are average values that mask local, seasonal and even annual variations.

然而，我们需要时刻记住，这些平均值掩盖了（它们的）地域、季节甚至年际变化。

have a decisive impact on...：对...有决定性的影响

e.g. Furthermore, the conditions in winter certainly have a decisive impact on the biological cycle of numerous planktonic species,and consequently on the build-up of a stock of nourishment for the larvae of several species of fish.

此外，冬季的环境条件决定着许多浮游生物种类的生物循环过程，也因此对一些鱼类幼体内营养物质的累积起着决定性作用。

unaided eye：肉眼

e.g. phytoplankton is generally too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye.

一般的，浮游植物个头太小，以至于肉眼不能分辨它们独立的个体。

discoloration：n. 变色

e.g. When present in high enough numbers, phytoplankton can appear as a green discoloration of the water due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells (colour may vary with the plant species).

当浮游植物较多时，受浮游植物细胞内叶绿素的影响，水体会变成绿色（颜色随浮游植物种类的变化而变化）。

shade：颜色的深浅度，明暗度

e.g. 1) To human eyes, the ocean appears as shades of blue; sometimes blue-green.

人眼看到的海洋是深蓝或浅蓝色的；有时候是蓝绿色。

2) The ocean over regions with high concentrations of phytoplankton will appear as certain shades, from blue-green to green,depending upon the type and density of the population there.

浮游植物浓度高的海域会呈现出一系列特定的颜色，从蓝绿色到绿色。这取决于浮游植物群体的种类和密度。

have no parallel: 与...不同

If something has a parallel, it is similar to something else, but exists or happens in a different place or at a different time. If it has no parallel or is without parallel, it is not similar to anything else.

e.g. The current rapid rate of warming has no parallel within the last million years. Even when the globe did warm towards the end of an ice age the process was very gradual, warming up over a period of about 5,000 years. Our Earth is heating up, and heating up quickly.

目前全球变暖的速率与几百万年前不同。即便直到冰期结束前地球曾一度变暖，但这个过程是非常缓慢的，在5000年的时间尺度上缓慢变暖。而现在我们的地球正在加热，快速升温。

diverse：不同的，多种多样的

similar to: different

e.g. Standards for harmonising SST data from diverse satellite sensors have been set (by the GHRSST2 project).

统一不同传感器海表温度（SST）数据标准已经在GHRSST2项目中建立。

analogous: 类似的

e.g. The analogous expression for total backscattering is defined as ...

akin to: 类似的

e.g. The spectral slope in absorption at this wavelength pair is not propagated linearly to the other wavelengths in a manner akin to an atmospheric correction scheme.

over the coming decades: 在未来的几十年

e.g. Tropical hurricanes and cyclones may become stronger and sea levels will rise over the coming decades.

在未来的几十年里，热带飓风和气旋可能会变得更强，海平面也将上升。

at this stage: 现阶段，眼下

e.g. Governments of the world are slowly responding, but is the response quick enough? At this stage the answer is, no.

政府正缓慢地响应（气候变化），但响应是否足够快？现价段来看，答案是否定的。

more importantly：更重要的是

most importantly：最重要的是

e.g. These higher temperatures are causing some floating icebergs to melt, but more importantly are affecting the polar-caps.
气温的升高导致一些漂浮的冰山融化，但更重要的是它对极地冰冠的影响。

human induced climatic change：由人类（活动）引起的气候变化

e.g. Sea level rise associated with increased flows from the ice sheets, exacerbated by immense moulins represents one of the greatest threats from human induced climatic change.

求翻译。

devastating consequences：毁灭性的后果

e.g. The North Pole is warming up faster than the rest of the world, with potentially devastating consequences.
北极变暖的速度比世界其他地方更快，造成潜在毁灭性后果。

impossible to overstate：怎么夸张都不为过

e.g. The importance of the global conveyor belt to climate is impossible to overstate.

温盐环流对气候的重要性怎么夸张都不为过。

mitigate this problem：缓解这个问题

e.g. Multiple looks per day by different satellite sensors will help mitigate this problem and improve our ability to monitor and manage ecosystem health and water quality.

一天之中不同卫星传感器的多重观测可以帮助缓解这个问题，并提高对生态系统健康和水质的监测能力。

alleviate the impact on ...：减轻对...的影响

alternatively：替代地

e.g. To alleviate the impact on climate of rising atmospheric CO₂, one could alternatively investigate ways to trap transmitted sunlight below the mixed layer.

为了减轻大气中CO₂升高对气候的影响，人们或可研究捕捉混合层以下透射的太阳光的方法。

diminish：vt.减少

similar to: reduce

e.g. Phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Equatorial Upwelling Zone, particularly near the Galapagos Islands, were markedly diminished during this El Niño event.

在赤道上升流区，特别是靠近加拉帕戈斯群岛的海域，浮游植物色素浓度在这次厄尔尼诺事件中显著减少。

intercept：拦截

e.g. Clouds warm the atmosphere by intercepting and radiating back the radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface.

be expected to：有望做某事；被期待做某事

e.g. MODIS, MERIS and potentially SeaWiFS are all expected to continue providing data over the coming years.

MODIS, MERIS可能和SeaWiFS都有望在未来几年持续提供数据。

habitable：宜居的

e.g. Understanding the ecology, biogeochemistry and hazards of our oceans in a varying and changing climate is critical to sustaining Earth as a habitable planet.

在变化莫测的气候条件下，理解海洋生态及生物地球化学过程和海洋灾害对于维持地球的宜居性非常重要。

useful：有效的

beyond all doubt：adv 毋庸置疑

e.g. The proof of concept that chlorophyll concentration could be observed all over the oceans on synoptic scales, with useful accuracy and precision, has been demonstrated beyond all doubt.

毋庸置疑的是，可以从全局尺度上实现对整个海洋的叶绿素浓度的观测，且观测具有有效的准确度和精度。

unquestionable：adj 毋庸置疑的

e.g. The immense value of primary production estimates based on ocean-colour radiometry and other remote-sensing data products is unquestionable.

基于水色遥感和其他遥感产品估测的巨大的海洋初级生产力是毋庸置疑的。

with respect to：关于

similar to: with regard to

e.g. Key scientific objectives of EnMap with respect to coastal and inland waters include improved chlorophyll quantification, differentiation between ecologically important phytoplankton groups and dissolved organic compounds...

德国EnMap计划对近岸和内陆水体设定的关键目标包括叶绿素的定量，具有重要生态意义的浮游植物群落的鉴别，溶解有机化合物的区分...

generality：普适性

with regard to ：关于

e.g. Independent observations are also needed to evaluate the tuned or calibrated model with regard to its generality and reliability.

评估模型在调试和校准后的普适性和可靠性也需要独立观测数据。

timeliness：时效性

in support of ：支持

e.g. Despite the promise of benefits from using ocean colour data in support of ecosystem models, many operational ocean forecasting agencies may hesitate to set up operational systems until they can be reasonably sure of the continuity of data provision and the timeliness of delivery.

尽管使用水色数据来支持生态模型很有利益前景，但许多海洋预报业务单位可能不会建立这种业务系统，除非他们确信数据提供的持续性和数据传输的时效性。

in conjunction with：连同

similar to: together with; in synergy with; in combination with

e.g. Models are needed in conjunction with satellite ocean colour data primarily because information about the ocean needs to be supplied for operational purposes.
模型需要与卫星水色数据结合，主要是因为它需要提供海洋信息以实现业务化使用。

e.g. Ocean colour satellite data, in synergy with data from an extensive array of moorings across the equatorial Pacific, have contributed enormously to our understanding of ENSO dynamics and their ecosystem impacts.

水色遥感数据和大量跨越赤道太平洋的锚系数据，对理解厄尔尼诺动态及其对生态系统的影响作出了巨大贡献。

be conceived as：认为

similar to: be considered/regarded as

at a given time：在一个给定的时间

e.g. The combination of satellite data, in situ measurements and numerical model is conceived as an operational ocean or coastal ‘observing system’, in which the output of the model provides the best available estimate of the state of the ocean at a given time.

卫星数据，现场观测数据和数值模型的结合被认为是大洋或近岸的业务化“观测系统”，这个系统的模型输出值提供了给定时间下海洋状态参数的最佳估计值。

put forward：vt 提出

e.g. With analysis of ocean spectral reflectance imagery in comparison with other remotely-sensed properties and model results, a number of hypotheses have been put forward including horizontal advection...

分析海洋光谱反射图像并与其它可被遥感到的性质和模型结果对比，一些假设得以提出，包括水平对流...

transient event：短暂出现的事件；瞬变事件

storm passage：风暴过境

e.g. Whereas it is relatively straightforward to use in situ observations to monitor the supply of nutrients to the surface layer through winter mixing, it is much more difficult to rely on in situ techniques to monitor physical and biological responses to transient events such as the passage of storms.

虽然现场观测技术对冬季混合过程下表层水体营养物质供应状况的监测相对直接，但对监测物理和生物过程对瞬变事件如风暴过境的响应要困难的多。

open new perspectives for ...：为...打开了新的视角

e.g. The availability of CDOM absorption maps from ocean colour (see section 5.1.4) thus opens new perspectives for quantifying a complex array of biogeochemical rates.

从水色遥感产品中可获得CDOM吸收光谱的全球分布，这为定量分析许多物质的生物地球化学速率打开了新的视角。

revolutionise: vt. 革新，彻底改变

e.g. The results of ocean colour have revolutionised the field of biological oceanography, and have made important contributions to biogeochemistry, to physical oceanography, to ocean system modelling, to fisheries oceanography and to coastal management.

水色遥感的结果革新了生物海洋学领域的研究，并对生物地球化学、物理海洋学、海洋系统建模、渔业海洋学和近岸管理学有重要贡献。

unprecedented：史无前例的

e.g. Remotely-sensed data provide unprecedented views into the biological consequences of such transient phenomena.

遥感数据为研究这种瞬变现象的生物学响应提供了史无前例的视角。

immediate vicinity：紧邻地带

e.g. Unlike non-solar heat fluxes, which act in the immediate vicinity of the surface, solar irradiance may reach, and therefore heat, waters below the mixed layer.

非太阳热能通量发生在紧邻海表面的地方，与之不同的是，太阳辐射和太阳热能可能抵达水体混合层以下。

prerequisite：前提，先决条件

e.g. Knowledge of the magnitude of the carbon pools and fluxes in the ocean is a prerequisite to gaining a better understanding of the biogeochemical cycles.

了解海洋碳库及碳通量的量级是更好地了解生物地球化学循环的前提。

critical aspect：重要的方面

term：n. (代数式等的)项

e.g. Regardless of the complexity of the model formulation, a critical aspect of estimating productivity is specifying the photosynthetic parameters that are contained in the term f in Equation 5.2.

尽管模型公式很复杂，但估测初级生产力的一个重要方面便是弄清楚公式5.2中f项包含的光合作用参数。

term：vt 把...叫做

e.g. Ocean colour from satellite sensors offers the possibility of providing global estimates of the most important transformation occurring in the ocean carbon cycle: the conversion of inorganic carbon to organic carbon through photosynthesis, termed primary production.

卫星水色遥感可以估测全球海洋碳循环中最重要的转换——光合作用把无机碳转化成有机碳，专业名词叫做初级生产力。

in the domain of ...：在...领域

e.g. In this domain, satellite ocean colour radiometry (OCR) has emerged as an essential tool to understanding and quantifying several aspects of the biogeochemical cycles of carbon as well as other elements.

在这个研究领域，卫星水色遥感对于理解和定量碳及其他元素的生物地球化学循环过程至关重要。

as stated previously：如前所述

spectral domain：谱域

e.g. As stated previously, the absorption of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) increases exponentially towards the blue and ultraviolet wavelengths, a spectral domain that is very energetic for photochemical reactions.

如前所述，当波段由蓝光向紫外移动时，有色溶解有机物质（CDOM）的吸收系数呈指数增长。

span a broad range：跨度范围广

e.g. These constituents span a broad size range from water molecules and dissolved matter to large zooplankton particles, and include a variety of material such as bacteria, viruses, phytoplankton, organic detritus, minerals, and more.

这些成分的粒径范围很广，小到水分子和溶解物质，大到浮游动物颗粒，并包含了各种各样的物质，如细菌、病毒、浮游植物、有机碎屑和矿物质等。

additive：加和的

The water-leaving radiances result from the additive contribution of these constituents to absorption and scattering of light.

离水辐射度是这些成分对光的吸收和散射的贡献的叠加。

substitution：替代

similar to: replacement

in unknown ways：以未知的方式

e.g. Substitution by other species will modify the overall ecosystem, as well as the carbon budget in unknown ways.

被其他种类替代意味着整个生态系统以及碳收支将以未知的方式发生改变。

asset：优点

e.g. Access to estimates of primary productivity at spatial scales of about one kilometre, and at time scales of about one week has thus become a considerable asset in ocean sciences.

卫星数据估测初级生产力的空间和时间分辨率约为1km和1周，因而在海洋科学研究中有着无可比拟的优势。

in any case：无论如何

similar to: anyway

elusive：难以实现的；难以捉摸的；难以描述的

e.g. In any case, satisfactory representation of algal physiology at the global scale by simple relationships applicable to remote sensing has so far proved elusive, though regional approaches are promising.

无论如何，尽管区域研究很有前景，但目前的将可应用到遥感的简单关系来表征藻类生理学还是不尽人意。

yield: vt 产出...的结果

e.g. Most models yielded an annual global primary production estimate in the range 35-60 Gt C y⁻¹.

大部分模型估测的年际全球初级生产力的范围是35-60 Gt C y⁻¹。

faithful：如实的,准确可靠的

e.g. The limitations noted above call our attention to the fundamental aspects of the functioning of marine ecosystems and the challenges in their faithful representation in models.
如上所述的限制让我们注意到海洋生态系统的功能及其在模型中可靠表达的挑战性这些基础方面。

This is not surprising considering ...：这并不奇怪当考虑到...

e.g. This is not surprising considering the comprehensive knowledge on physiology and optics required by all algorithms.

当考虑到所有算法都需要全面了解藻类生理学和光学的时候，这个现象也就不奇怪了。

ascertain：vt 确定

similar to : assure (vt); make sure (vi)

elaborate：详尽的

e.g. The continuing development of more elaborate, wavelength-resolved and depth-resolved models have the potential to create new parameterizations and to provide better quality estimates as new insights of the various processes involved are ascertained.

随着模型精细化、波段分辨率和深度分辨率的持续提高，模型包含的不同过程将得到更深入的了解，新的参数化和更高质量的估测将可能产生。

decipher：vt 解释，解译

similar to: vt interpret

e.g. Deciphering the complex interactions of DOM with microorganisms and the radiation regime is important in understanding the oceanic system and its relation with climate, and the fate of terrestrial input of DOM into the oceans.

解释DOM与微生物和辐射分区之间复杂的相互作用对于理解海洋系统及其与气候的关系、陆地向海洋输入的DOM的演变非常重要。

give weight to... ：加强，为...提出强有力的证据

e.g. Understanding biogeochemical cycles relies on long-term data series, and the existence of an ocean-colour record that now exceeds 10 years will give more weight to studies addressing time scales beyond the seasonal cycle.

理解生物地球化学循环依赖长时间序列的数据，因而，超过10年的水色记录将为超越季节循环的时间尺度研究提供强有力的保障。

by virtue of：凭借，依靠

e.g. By virtue of the opportunities provided by the first generation of ocean-colour satellite missions during the past decade, we have realised major advances in our ability to resolve multiple in-water constituents from remote sensing data, related these to key components and processes within ocean ecosystems, and integrated this new information into advanced prognostic models.

依靠过去10年里的第一代水色卫星计划，我们意识到，卫星数据的巨大优势在于，从多种组分的水体中分离出各单一组分，将它们与海洋生态系统中的主要成分和过程进行关联，以及将新的信息整合到高级预测模型中。

Initially, ... More recently, ...：起初，...。最近，...。

e.g. Initially, these measurements were made at sea, usually on board a suitable research vessel, which necessarily limited the amount of data that could be collected due to logistical constraints.
More recently, our ability to use satellites to remotely assess phytoplankton distributions
at high spatial and temporal resolution has made it possible to use this information to quantify rates of marine NPP at spatial scales ranging from local to global, and temporal scales ranging from daily to decadal.

起初，这些测量通常是依靠科学考察船在海上进行，但后勤补给不足必然会限制可采集的数据量。最近，卫星遥感应用技术的提高实现了在高时空分辨率上评估浮游植物的分布，进而使得定量分析海洋净初级生产力在区域到全球的空间尺度上和每日到十年际的时间尺度上的变化成为可能。

subsequent studies：后续的研究

retieve IOPs via ocean color remote sensing：通过水色遥感反演固有光学量

e.g. Subsequent studies, however, have also emphasized the importance of understanding and retrieving, via remote sensing of ocean colour, inherent optical properties (IOPs), namely, the scattering and absorption characteristics of water and its constituents (the dissolved and suspended material).

然而，后续的研究也强调了通过水色遥感理解和反演固有光学量（IOPs）的重要性。IOPs包括水体及其（溶解态和悬浮态）组分的散射和吸收特性。

hitherto：迄今为止

e.g. Although the ocean-colour community has accomplished a great deal by developing many algorithms for ocean-colour remote sensing, very few broad-range tests, validations, or inter- comparisons have been available hitherto.

尽管海洋水色领域的研究人员已经为水色遥感开发了许多算法，然而迄今为止，大范围测试、现场验证和算法之间的相互比较极为稀少。

latent：潜在的，隐藏的

e.g. On a more general level, the material discussed in the report illustrates the rich and quantitative information latent in data on visible spectral radiometry (VSR) of the ocean.

在更普遍的层面上，本篇报告阐明了海洋可见光谱辐射（VSR）数据所隐含的大量的丰富的信息。

defining: 典型的

similar to: typical

e.g. The most defining feature of the Arctic Ocean is its floating sea-ice cover.

whilst:然而

similar to: while

e.g. Early Holocene climate is potentially dominated by freshwater outburst events, whilst ~1500 year cycles in the late Holocene are more likely driven by changes internal to the ocean system.

in the light of:鉴于

similar to: because of

imperative:必要的

similar to: necessary

e.g. In the light of rapidly diminishing sea ice cover in the Arctic during the present atmospheric warming, it is imperative to study the distribution of sea ice in the past in relation to rapid climate  change.

be intimately linked to: 紧密联系

e.g. The near-surface properties of the Nordic Sea climate are intimately linked to the climate of the abyssal Nordic Sea.

irrespective of:不管，不顾

similar to: regardless of

e.g. We included responses irrespective of whether they were consistent with expectations under climate chang or not, as well as null responses.

dearth of: 缺乏

similar to: lack of

e.g. Such under-utilisation of model outputs is due to the current dearth of information on the physiological performance (often expressed as fitness versus environment) of many phytoplankton groups, species or ecotypes that are key players in the biogeochemical cycling of major (C, N, P) and minor (Fe, Zn, Co) elements in the ocean.

consequently:结果，所以，因此

similar to: therefore

e.g. Phytoplankton account for about half of global and nearly all of marine primary productivity; consequently, any widespread drop in phytoplankton biomass would almost certainly have severe ecological consequences.

defect: 缺陷

e.g. This sensor is guaranteed against defects in materials and workmanship for one year from the original date of purchase.

自原始购买日期一年以内，保障传感器不受材料和工艺缺陷的影响。

wear：耗损

void：无效的

similar to: invalid

e.g. Warranty is void if the factory determines the sensor was subjected to abuse or neglect beyond the normal wear and tear of field deployment, or in the event the pressure housing has been opened by the customer.

proven：久经考验的；被证实的

e.g. This well proven technology has demostrated its worth as a cost effective data gathering tool to oceanographers, marine researchers and naval groups around the world.

ship of opportunity：顺路观测的船

This is certainly the case ..., but is also often true ...:在...中这是肯定的，且在...中经常也是这样的

e.g. This is certainly the case in most oceanic waters, but is also often true in more turbid coastal or inland waters.

inset: 插图

Fig.1 inset shows the lower range of aph(λ) at expanded scale for nano and pico samples.

a plethora of: 过多的，过剩的

e.g. An increasing algorithm complexity has produced a plethora of new products, other than chlorophyll, such as colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM).

recourse: n. 求助

measurand：被测量

e.g. Recently the emphasis of algorithm development has been on analytically determining IOPs from the primary measurands, using a recourse to empiricism only when the mechanisms or parameterizations are poorly understood.

exhaustive: 详尽的

e.g. Several IOP models have been suggested (an exhaustive reference list can be found in Lee et al.) with varying degrees of complexity ranging from empirical regressions to complex semianalytical approaches.

with its attendant ...: 伴随的 （及其...）

e.g. For these equations to be solvable, the neighboring wave bands needed to be selected, together with their attendant spectral slopes.