背景回顾：Hermaphroditic (perfect) flowers were a key trait in grapevine domestication, enabling a drastic increase in yields due to the efficiency of self-pollination in the domesticated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera). In contrast, all extant wild Vitis species are dioecious, each plant having only male or female flowers. 

结果1-SDR鉴定：In this study, we identified the male (M) and female (f) haplotypes of the sex-determining region (SDR) in the wild grapevine species V. cinerea and confirmed the boundaries of the SDR. 

结果1-SDR保守性：We also demonstrated that the SDR and its boundaries are precisely conserved across the Vitis genus using shotgun resequencing data of 556 wild and domesticated accessions from North America, East Asia, and Europe. 

结果2-单倍型H1和H2：A high linkage disequilibrium was found at the SDR in all wild grape species, while different recombination signatures were observed along the hermaphrodite (H) haplotype of 363 cultivated accessions, revealing two distinct H haplotypes, named H1 and H2.

H1和H2分化时间：To further examine the H2 haplotype, we sequenced the genome of two grapevine cultivars, 'Riesling' and 'Chardonnay'. By reconstructing the first two H2 haplotypes, we estimated the divergence time between H1 and H2 haplotypes at ～6 million years ago, which predates the domestication of grapevine (～8,000 y ago). 

结论：Our findings emphasize the important role of recombination suppression in maintaining dioecy in wild grape species and lend additional support to the hypothesis that at least two independent recombination events led to the reversion to hermaphroditism in grapevine.

雌雄同株的花是葡萄驯化的一个关键性状，驯化葡萄（Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera）的自花授粉效率，使得其产量大幅度提高。相反，所有的野生葡萄属物种都是雌雄异株的，每个植株要么开雌花、要么开雄花。本文中，作者鉴定了野生葡萄物种V. cinerea中性别决定区域（sex-determining region, SDR）的雄性和雌性单倍型，并且确定了SDR的边界。另外，作者通过对来自北美、东亚和欧洲的556份野生和驯化葡萄种质材料的重测序，发现SDR及其边界在不同的葡萄属物种间十分保守。作者发现，在所有的野生葡萄中SDR区存在高度的连锁不平衡，而在363份栽培材料的雌雄同株（hermaphrodite, H）单倍型上观察到了不同的重组特征，揭示了H1和H2两种不同的H单倍型。为了进一步鉴定H2单倍型，作者对两个葡萄栽培种“Riesling”和“Chardonnay”进行了全基因组测序。通过重新构建两个H2单倍型，作者估计了H1和H2单倍型之间的分化时间约在6百万年前，要早于葡萄的驯化时间（即约八千年前）。本文的研究揭示了重组抑制在野生葡萄品种雌雄异株的维持中发挥重要作用，并进一步支持了葡萄雌雄同株逆转至少发生过两次独立的重组事件的假说。