1、How the chicken lost its penis

http://www.nature.com/news/how-the-chicken-lost-its-penis-1.13152

The case of the missing bird penis is a longstanding mystery in evolutionary biology. But the identification of a molecular mechanism that controls penis loss in birds goes some way to solving this conundrum.Roughly 97% of avian species sport little or nothing in the way of a phallus, despite reproducing by internal fertilization. A study published today in Current Biology¹ shows that the development of chicken penises is cut short by signals that promote cell death.

“This paper would be in Nature or Science if it were about people,” says Richard Prum, an evolutionary ornithologist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. “The whole result is entirely novel.”

Herrera, A. M., Shuster, S. G., Perriton, C. L. & Cohn, M. J.Curr. Biol.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.062 (2013).

2、Ducks boast large and elaborately coiled penises

Male chickens, which possess only a rudimentary phallic nub, pump their sperm into females using a 'cloacal kiss'  a move that presses together the male and female cloacas, openings used for waste excretion and copulation. By contrast, ducks boast large and elaborately coiled penises that can measure about half the length of their bodies².

McCracken, K. G., Wilson, R. E., McCracken, P. J. & Johnson, K. P.Nature413, 128 (2001).

3、Bigger not always better for penis size

Mautz, B. S., Wong, B. B. M., Peters, R. A. & Jennions, M. D.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USAhttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1219361110 (2013).

4、Sea slug loses penis after sex but grows another the next day

Sekizawa, A., Seki, S., Tokuzato, M., Shiga, S. & Nakashima, Y.Biol. Lett.http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1150 (2013).

5、Ostrich penis clears up evolutionary mystery

Brennan, P. L. R. & Prum, R. O.J. Zool.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00858.x (2011).

6、How the penis lost its spikes

McLean, C. Y. et al.Nature471, 216-219 (2011).

7、Barnacles trust their sperm to the waves

Barazandeh, M., Davis, C. S., Neufeld, C. J., Coltman, D. W. & Palmer, A. R.Proc. R. Soc. Bhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2919 (2013).

8、The sex wars of ducks（An evolutionary battle against unwanted fertilization.）

Brennan, P. L. R., Clark, C. J. & Prum, R. O. Proc. R. Soc. B advance online publication doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2139 (2009).

9、Dual Function of the Damselfly Penis: Sperm Removal and Transfer

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/203/4383/916.short 

JONATHAN K. WAAGE.Dual Function of the Damselfly Penis: Sperm Removal and Transfer Vol. 203 no. 4383 pp. 916-918  DOI: 10.1126/science.203.4383.916

10、Evolution of a Potential Hormone Antagonist following Gene Splicing during Primate Evolution

http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064610

11、Functions, diversity, and evolution of traumatic mating

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12018/full